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E-Module

An HIV and Rehab Resource

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  • About
    • 1 – What is this resource about and who is it for?
    • 2 – Why was this resource created?
    • 3 – How can this resource be used?
    • 4 – Can this resource be used for teaching?
    • 5 – How was this resource developed?
    • 6 – Who contributed to developing this adapted resource?
    • 7 – Who funded the development of this resource?
    • 8 – Disclaimer
  • Section 1
    • 1.1 How is “rehabilitation” defined in this resource?
    • 1.2 How can rehabilitation help people living with HIV?
    • 1.3 How can the World Health Organization’s “ICF” help us think about rehabilitation for people living with HIV?
    • 1.4 How can the Episodic Disability Model help us think about rehabilitation for people living with HIV?
    • 1.5 Who provides rehabilitation for people living with HIV?
    • 1.6 Do rehabilitation providers need special skills or training to care for people living with HIV? If so, what?
    • 1.7 What roles do rehabilitation providers have related to HIV?
    • 1.8 When is rehabilitation clinical intervention useful along the HIV care continuum?
  • Section 2
    • 2.1 What do rehabilitation professionals need to know about the stages of HIV infection?
    • 2.2 What do rehabilitation providers need to know about CD4 count and viral load?
    • 2.3 What is the impact of HIV on body systems and why does this matter for rehabilitation providers?
    • 2.4 Who might rehabilitation providers treat?
    • 2.5 What do rehabilitation providers need to know about antiretroviral therapies?
  • Section 3
    • 3.1 What are the rehabilitation interventions that address impairments common among people living with HIV?
    • 3.2 What are the rehabilitation interventions that can address the activity limitations and participation restrictions common among people living with HIV?
    • 3.3 More information on the rehabilitation interventions available for people living with HIV
    • 3.4 – What do rehabilitation providers need to know about their patients’ beliefs and use of traditional healers, spiritual leaders and alternative therapies outside the formal medical system?
  • Section 4
    • 4.1: Intersectionality Theory in the Context of Rehabilitation
    • 4.2: Children and Youth
    • 4.3: HIV and Aging
    • 4.4: Substance Use
    • 4.5: Trauma
    • 4.6: Racialized Populations
    • 4.7: Indigenous Populations
    • 4.8: HIV, Sex and Gender
    • 4.9: HIV and COVID-19
    • 4.10: Is HIV itself a disability?
  • Section 5
    • 5.1 What are outcome measures?
    • 5.2 Why is it important to use outcome measures during rehabilitation with people living with HIV?
    • 5.3 How do rehabilitation providers know if an outcome measure will be useful in practice?
    • 5.4 What are floor and ceiling effects in outcome measurement?
    • 5.5 What is the difference between generic and HIV-specific outcome measures?
    • 5.6 How should you decide which outcome measures to use?
    • 5.7 How do you access a copy of an outcome measure?
    • 5.8 What are rehabilitation-related outcome measures that can be useful for people living with HIV?
  • Case Studies
    • Case #1 – Acute Care, Cardiorespiratory and Neurological
    • Case #2 – Musculoskeletal – Knee Pain
    • Case #3 – Aging, Cognition, Community, Stroke
    • Case #4 – Complex Case – Musculoskeletal, Episodic, Cardiorespiratory
    • Case #5 – Diabetes, Neuropathy, Substance Use
    • Case #6 – Transition from Paediatric to Adult Care
    • Supplemental Case Studies without Leading Questions
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4.7: Indigenous Populations

From the early days of the HIV epidemic, Indigenous peoples were identified as a population group that experiences social and economic determinants – including colonialism, marginalization and racism – that increase exposure to HIV.1 There are now substantial disparities in HIV rates between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples in many high-income countries.1 Determinants of HIV-related behaviours in these countries include domestic violence, stigma and discrimination, and injection drug use.1 Many of the factors associated with HIV risk also contribute to mistrust of health services, which in turn contributes to poor HIV and health outcomes among Indigenous peoples.1

Indigenous leaders remain concerned that systemic oppression and culturally unsafe care impede Indigenous peoples living with HIV from accessing health services that make up the HIV cascade of care.2 The majority of research in high-income countries has addressed HIV testing/diagnosis. Relatively little research has addressed post-diagnosis experiences such as linkage, retention, treatment initiation, treatment adherence, and viral suppression.2 With the HIV cascade of care increasingly the focus of global, national, and local HIV agendas, it is critical that culturally-safe care for Indigenous peoples is available at all stages of the cascade of care.2

1 Negin J, Aspin C, Gadsden T, Reading C. HIV Among Indigenous peoples: A Review of the Literature on HIV-Related Behaviour Since the Beginning of the Epidemic. AIDS Behav. 2015 Sep;19(9):1720-34. doi: 10.1007/s10461-015-1023-0. PMID: 25731659.

2 Jongbloed K, Pooyak S, Sharma R, Mackie J, Pearce ME, et al. Experiences of the HIV Cascade of Care Among Indigenous Peoples: A Systematic Review. AIDS Behav. 2019 Apr;23(4):984-1003. doi: 10.1007/s10461-018-2372-2. PMID: 30600452.

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